Resource and energy saving technologies require a mandatory integrated approach to the generation, distribution and consumption of electricity. And at the stage of building a house, modern energy-saving technologies are always associated with innovations in the field of construction, since a significant part of the electricity is used to heat the house in cold weather. and cool it in hot weather. This immediately requires the planned use of energy-efficient materials. In addition, a personalized home power system will, in some cases, completely abandon the traditional mode of supplying electricity.
Energy saving technologies in construction
The best example of energy saving technologies in construction so far may be the so-called "energy efficient houses", in which, ideally, in winter, a comfortable temperature is maintained without using a heating system. traditional heating and in summer without Air conditioning system.
Such structures, depending on technological variations, are also called Zero Energy House - "zero energy houses" or "passive houses".
In order to come as close as possible to the standards of such a house, it contains:
- install an individual boiler room or other source of heat supply, often connecting pumps that return the heat from the air extracted from the ventilation duct, the heat from the earth or wastewater,
- replace part of solar electricity (collector), and direct energy from the sun, in turn, is competently used in accordance with the thermal balance of the building, connecting translucent and reflective structures,
- they use modern thermal insulation materials, and this applies to both building materials and communication systems.
<1_img_centerxx>The energy saving method described above assumes that the building becomes the final recipient of electricity from power plants. Today, however, the possibility of a complete transition to individual energy supply systems is seen as innovative practices, when the building itself actually becomes a "power plant" and begins to distribute energy. electricity to other consumers.
This is possible, for example, with the widespread use of nano-photovoltaic cells, which are considered to be one of the most promising solutions. In Freiburg, Germany, the local solar energy institute is using city space as a kind of 'proving ground' to test solar technology, introducing solar panels into the stadium, rebuilding entire neighborhoods(58 residential buildings and an office building on the border of the district) for the new concept of "active houses" The main obstacle to the widespread adoption of these technologies is the high cost of ultra-pure industrial silicone, which is used forbatteries (around $ 450 / kg). It was replaced by nanotechnology and a special carbon - fullerene. But so far, its efficiency is 2. 5 times lower than that of silicone solar cells.
Energy saving technologies in everyday life
The main direction of the creation of energy saving technologies in everyday life is the individual regulation of energy consumption with the help of "smart" technologies, depending on:
- residents' personal habits and microclimate preferences,
- the time of year (day) when the "intelligent" system rebuilds itself, choosing to turn on and with what intensity to work.
For example, an automatic home lighting system turns on the light only when needed, turning it off during the day and turning it on at night when activated by sound through the built-in microphone. When noise occurs within 5 meters, an energy saving lamp turns on automatically, which does not turn off as long as someone is in the room.
But until these "intellectual" innovations become mainstream, experts recommend using "preventive savings" methods of electricity in everyday life, which include:
- replacement of incandescent lamps by energy saving lamps (with a consumption reduced by 5 to 6 times) or even more economical LEDs,
- the transition to household appliances of a high energy efficiency class (A- A +++), which, compared to obsolete models, can show a difference of 50%,
- switch off devices (equipment) in standby mode: televisions, music centers and tape recorders, which still consume 3 to 10 W in the off state but not off,
- turn off or put the computer in standby mode, which during 24-hour work "eats" 70-120 kW / h per month.
Particular attention should be paid to the refrigerator, which is recommended:
- do not place next to the stove (increases energy consumption by 25-30%),
- do not fill with food that has not yet cooled,
- prevent the formation of a gap in the seal,
- do not cover the radiator and do not lean your "back" against the wall.
The introduction of energy-saving technologies in dwellings and collective services resembles a transition to drives with functions for optimizing the rotational speed according to the actual load, which, when operating elevatorsor ventilation units, can save up to 50% electricity.